新澳门六合彩内幕信息

Lead Ammunition Polluting Argentina; Change Afoot

Nontoxic Shot Replacement Efforts Encouraged and Underway

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birds fly over wetlands
Birds fly over a wetland in Argentina as hunters, hunting guides and conservationists count birds in the background. (Photo: B. Ballesteros)

Pollution from lead ammunition causes environmental health problems in Argentina, and progress is underway to find viable replacements for lead shot, according to an overview of lead pollution from hunting in the country. Argentina鈥檚 pioneering awareness and attention to this problem may help others address this global health issue that threatens humans, animals and landscapes.

, compiled by the University of California, Davis鈥 One Health Institute and Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires in Argentina, was published April 12 in the journal Ambio

鈥淟ead pollution is one of the very few environmental problems for which there is a simple solution: Switch from lead to nontoxic ammunition,鈥 said lead author Marcela Uhart, a wildlife veterinarian with the 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis One Health Institute and director of the within 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis鈥 Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center. 鈥淲e鈥檙e not saying 鈥楧on鈥檛 hunt.鈥 We鈥檙e not asking anyone to change their livelihood or lifestyle. It just needs to be done sustainably, without introducing poison to the land, water, animals and people who live here.鈥

High-end hunting

Hunting is a lucrative industry in Argentina, where registered outfitters cater to mostly foreign clients seeking high-end hunting tourism experiences on private lands, particularly for doves and ducks. 

Uhart said hunters and outfitters in the country recognize the problem, and some have been working closely with the researchers and government over the past decade to find viable solutions. Many have said they would switch to nontoxic shot if it became more easily available and affordable. 

Discussions underway in Argentina indicate that nontoxic steel shot could be manufactured locally as soon as this spring or summer. This would be a very important step forward, as it could help drive down the cost of nontoxic ammunition and encourage the shift away from lead shot. 

waterfowl fly over Argentina wetland
Vast numbers of ducks from many species congregate in wetlands in northeastern Argentina, making these attractive spots for waterfowl hunters from all over the world. (M. Romano)

Lead in the land, animals and people 

Roughly 10,000 hunters visit the 鈥渄ove shooting capital鈥 of C贸rdoba province each year, adding between 210 and 480 tons of lead to the environment. Conservative estimates suggest at least 56 tons of lead from ammunition were added to wetlands in Santa Fe province between 2007 and 2009, one of Argentina鈥檚 major sites for waterfowl hunting. 

Previous studies, referenced in the report, found accumulations of lead from spent shot in:

  • The bones and bodies of hunter-killed ducks
  • Wetlands and rice fields where waterfowl hunting is practiced
  • Plants regularly eaten by wildlife and domestic livestock in these areas
  • The blood and baby teeth of Argentinian children who ate hunted game
Boy with binoculars looks across wetlands for birds
A student in Argentina counts birds at a wetland. Waterfowl, wetlands and children near hunting sites in the country have been found to be exposed to lead from ammunition. (Linda C. Alvarez)


Lead, a known toxicant that affects humans and animals, accumulates in the body over time, causing severe systemic disorders. Children are particularly vulnerable and can suffer permanent and severe health effects, particularly in their central nervous system.  

Levels of lead referred to in the paper for wildlife and wetlands match reports from other parts of the world with severe contamination problems, and represent just a fraction of the problem. Exposure to lead from bullets has been documented in the near-threatened Andean condor in Argentina, as well. The impacts of lead ammunition pollution on the California condor, demonstrated in part by 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis and its partners, was a major reason that state issued a full lead ammunition ban, which goes into effect this July.

Science to policy

shooting clinic for nontoxic shot
In November 2011, the authors hosted the first national workshop on nontoxic shot in Argentina, which was attended by hunters and ammunition manufacturers. Here, hunters at a shooting range demonstrate ballistics of nontoxic shot during the workshop, which was held to help dispel myths about the efficacy of nontoxic ammunition. (M. Romano) 

In an example of science leading to policy change, Argentina has taken major steps over the past decade toward addressing this issue. This includes working with the authors to engage key stakeholders at multiple meetings, shooting clinics and through conservation-education community outreach efforts. Some provinces banned lead shot used for waterfowl hunting as soon as the authors shared evidence of the problem. 

鈥淲e want to commend Argentina for being at the frontier of addressing this while recognizing there is a lot more to be done,鈥 Uhart said. 鈥淭his is a global environmental problem that is serious but avoidable. It鈥檚 a real example, impacting everyone 鈥 humans, the environment and wildlife. But we can change it right now, and there is proof it has worked.鈥

The paper provides 10 recommendations for policymakers in Argentina to prioritize. They include: 

  • Grant state policy status to halting lead toxicity from spent ammunition.
  • Encourage and entice local manufacturing and availability of nontoxic ammunition.
  • Educate foreign hunters visiting Argentina on local efforts to ban lead shot and existing regulations.
  • Increase awareness on ill-effects to human health through dietary intake and the need to avoid exposure through all pathways, particularly in children. 

Co-authors are from Argentina and include Hebe Ferreyra from the Universidad Nacional de Villa Maria, C贸rdoba Marcelo Romano with the High Andean Flamingos Conservation Group, Ayel茅n Muchiutti of the Environment Agency of San Javier Municipality in Santa Fe, and Maria Silvia Alzuagaray, Martin Santiago and Andrea Caselli from Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.

The science referenced in the paper was funded by the government of Santa Fe province, Morris Animal Foundation, the Wildlife Conservation Society, Disney Conservation Fund, 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis, and many local partners in Argentina.

Media Resources

Marcela Uhart, 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, muhart@ucdavis.edu

Kat Kerlin, 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis News and Media Relations, 530-750-9195, kekerlin@ucdavis.edu

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