If you鈥檝e ever asked Siri or Alexa something, you may have noticed you speak MORE LOUDLY, slowly or make your words 鈥渃lear-er.鈥 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis researchers say most of us speak differently when talking to our devices. Voice artificial intelligence may even be changing our social behavior. In this episode of , we鈥檒l talk to two 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis linguists to find out why voice AI is changing the way we operate.
In this episode:
, associate professor, Department of Linguistics, 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis
postdoctoral researcher, Department of Linguistics, 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis
Transcript
Transcripts may contain errors. Transcribed by AI. Fixed by humans.
Amy Quinton
Hey, Marianne.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Hey, Amy.
Amy Quinton
Have you talked to an Amazon Alexa before?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Not really. Does that make me like, a really weird person? But if I did, I would ask you to play my favorite podcast Unfold. I know I'm one of those people who doesn't have one of those. And I do talk to Siri, sometimes usually by accident. Does that count?
Amy Quinton
I mean, sure. They're both voice artificial intelligence. But Alexa and I have had a real conversation, and I recorded it.
Marianne Russ Sharp
I bet she recorded it too. Creepy.
Amy Quinton
She did actually. She's part of a conversational competition.
Marianne Russ Sharp
What?
Amy Quinton
Yeah, just listen.
Amy Quinton
Alexa, can you chat with me?
ALEXA
Welcome to the Alexa prize, a university competition to advance AI. I'll give you a social bot now. Hi, this is an Alexa prize social bot. So what's on your mind? Let's dive in.
Marianne Russ Sharp
The Alexa prize. What's that?
Amy Quinton
It's a social bot competition. You know, a 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis team, aptly named team Gunrock from our engineering department won this contest a couple of years ago. The goal is to create an Alexa social bot and get her to converse engagingly on a range of popular topics for about 20 minutes.
Marianne Russ Sharp
20 minutes is a long time even for AI? How long did you chat with Alexa?
Amy Quinton
Not long. Here's what it sounded like. What do you want to talk about?
ALEXA
I would love to talk about anything related to sports or technology? What would you like to know?
Amy Quinton
Should we be afraid of AI?
ALEXA
That's a great topic. What do you think is the most terrifying aspect of being afraid of an eye?
Amy Quinton
of artificial intelligence?
ALEXA
That's an interesting topic as well. Do you think AI has the potential to replace human intelligence in certain areas?
Amy Quinton
No, but it's a fear. And it's weird that you sound like a person.
ALEXA
It's not weird at all. As a bot, I do not have emotions like humans do. But I can understand why it would be scary to think about the potential consequences of AI replacing human intelligence. Do you have any other thoughts on this topic?
Marianne Russ Sharp
It's kind of interesting, because she says it's not weird at all. And I do think it's kind of weird. But she also says, I don't have emotions, but I can understand like, I don't have emotions, but I have a brain or essentially the power to... right? The brain of a computer.
Amy Quinton
Yeah, well, you know, I gave up on the conversation after maybe five minutes. She misunderstood me a few times.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah, like being afraid of an eye. Again, definitely weird.
Amy Quinton
And I had to repeat myself.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah, that happens all the time.
Amy Quinton
And I slowed down my speech and talked a little louder and clearer for some reason.
Marianne Russ Sharp
I do the same thing with Siri.
Amy Quinton
Everyone does, or at least most people. 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis researchers have studied this. One of the things we do is called hyperarticulation.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Sort of exaggerating our speech to be clearer, like we do sometimes with babies.
Amy Quinton
Yeah, exactly.
Marianne Russ Sharp
So we have researchers that study how we talk to AI.
Amy Quinton
Yeah.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Why?
Amy Quinton
Well, that's the first question I asked Georgia Zellou, an associate professor of linguistics.
Georgia Zellou
For the first time in human history. I mean, starting since 2011, when Siri was introduced, humans are talking to non human entities in a substantive and meaningful way. And it's happening on a daily basis, and children are doing it and people of all ages are doing it. So trying to understand their impact on our language, our development, our our sort of social life is something that we're interested in exploring. There's so many kinds of unanswered questions here.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Indeed, so many unanswered questions. So Amy, is she suggesting that our language might even change over time as a result of us talking with voice AI?
Amy Quinton
Yeah, it already is, and just how our future conversations will unfold with voice AI is what we're going to be talking about in this episode of Unfold.
Marianne Russ Sharp
All right, then, as the Alexa social bot says...
ALEXA
Let's dive in.
Amy Quinton
Coming to you from 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis, this is Unfold. I'm Amy Quinton.
Marianne Russ Sharp
And I'm Marianne Russ Sharp.
Amy Quinton
Voice AI or machine-made voices speak to us all the time. Whether it's Siri as our personal assistant, or our GPS system telling us which way to turn, it's really become a staple in a lot of households.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah, GPS has saved my life more times than I can remember. But humans have been fascinated with making machines talk for a very long time. I mean, that's certainly played out in Hollywood. All over the place. I think about "2001 A Space Odyssey." Remember Hal?
Movie Clip
Open the pod bay doors Hal. I'm sorry, Dave. I'm afraid I can't do that.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Or that kid in WarGames that made his computer talk?
Movie Clip
Yes, they do. How can it talk? It's not a real voice. This box just interprets signals from the computer and turns them into sound. Shall we play a game?
Amy Quinton
Good examples, although those aren't really machines talking but actors playing the roles of Hal and Joshua, the computers. But do you remember Speak and Spell, the toy that taught you how to spell?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yes, I do.
Speak and Spell
Spell Circuit, C, I R, C, U, I T. That is correct.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Gosh, that sounds so robotic. Thinking about how Siri and Alexa sound now, Boy, technology has come a long, long way.
Amy Quinton
Did you know that the first device that could generate continuous human speech electronically was invented in 1939?
Marianne Russ Sharp
1939? I would not have guessed. Are you serious?
Amy Quinton
Yeah, it was called the VODER for Voice Operation DEmonstratoR.
Marianne Russ Sharp
VODER. Not the best name but a magnificent feat for 1939.
Amy Quinton
It was invented by a guy named Homer Dudley with Bell Laboratories. And it was a demonstration of their innovations. And it was a highlight of the 1939 World's Fair.
Marianne Russ Sharp
How did it work?
Amy Quinton
Well, the speech sounds had to be made manually on a special keyboard that produces all the vowels and consonants of speech. So it required an operator who also had to use a wrist bar and foot pedals and an arm switch to generate sounds.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Wow, so it was a workout and not an easy conversation?
Amy Quinton
No, but I have a recording of it, actually. Want to hear it?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yes, please.
Amy Quinton
Well, in this demonstration, the operator of the VODER is a woman named Helen Harper.
MAN
For example, Helen, Will you have the VODER say, "She saw me?"
VODER
SHE SAW ME.
MAN
That sounded awfully flat. How about a little expression? Say the sentence in answer to these questions? Who saw you?
VODER
SHE saw me.
MAN
Whom did she see?
VODER
She saw ME?
Man
Well did she see you or hear you?
VODER
She SAW me.
Marianne Russ Sharp
The intonation. Already at that time. It's kind of a blowing my mind. Although I will say it sounded nothing like the voice AI that we hear today. No computer algorithms were creating that one.
Amy Quinton
Yeah, but it was pretty impressive. My understanding was that it was really difficult to operate, but it paved the way for future machine operated speech.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Wow. And now we have researchers investigating whether that machine operated speech is changing the way we operate, or at least how we speak.
Amy Quinton
And they're also trying to understand our social interaction and behavior toward voice AI. In other words, are we treating these devices like people and building a mental picture of what they are like? Georgia Zellou, who we spoke to earlier, explained it like this.
Georgia Zellou
As soon as machines speak to us with voices, they are portraying apparent gender, apparent race, apparent regional background, apparent language background, and all these things in natural human-human conversation are really, really significant and important and affect how we perceive and use language. So are we just doing the same thing when we talk to machines? Or are we sort of creating a very specialized, separate way of handling machines?
Marianne Russ Sharp
It seems to me it would be unavoidable that we would treat them like machines and not humans. We know, as we're speaking to them that they are not a human. So doesn't that mean that our language or our voice would change when we talk to devices like Siri?
Amy Quinton
Well, Michelle Cohn is a postdoctoral researcher in linguistics at 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis and she and Georgia did a couple of experiments to figure this out. They had people, both young adults and children, talk to devices and talk to other humans saying the same phrases. They even introduced planned errors with both humans and devices.
Marianne Russ Sharp
So they intentionally had a person and a device misunderstand them?
Amy Quinton
Yeah. And here's how Michelle said a human talked with voice AI compared to how a human talked with another human.
Michelle Cohn
They're speaking more loudly to voice assistants, often slowly. They produce either increases or decreases in their pitch. One interesting thing with that Siri study is we found that speakers produced less pitch variation, so kinda like more monotone speech to the Siri voice than the human voice.
Marianne Russ Sharp
That's not too surprising. So it's like, "Hey, Siri, what's the weather like?"
Amy Quinton
But also people who talk to voice AI are hyperarticulating, making the segments of speech slow-er and clear-er.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Un-der-stood. So if our voices changed when talking to machines, we are then treating them differently, right? Like they are machines.
Amy Quinton
Well, Georgia says it's not that simple.
Georgia Zellou
So what we know about real human human interaction is that we naturally adapt. Conversation is dynamic. So I'll change my tone of voice or the words that I'm using, as our conversation is unfolding, um, in a natural way in response to your behavior. And you do that to me vice versa.
Marianne Russ Sharp
So if my tone of voice changes, like maybe I get excited, yes, you're likely to change your tone of voice and sound excited too?
Amy Quinton
Yeah, you know, and even if I hang around someone with a thick accent, I know I'm likely to pick up on their pronunciation and start speaking like them after a while. Michelle says there's actually a technical term for this,
Michelle Cohn
That process is called like alignment or mirroring. The idea is that you adopt the pronunciation patterns of other people to align more closely to them socially. Plays a social role. And so the idea is when you are getting along with someone and you want to convey that you convey that through the your speech patterns, but also in other, in your body language and gaze. People do these micro sways together. So this, there's like this huge, intricate dance of coordination.
Marianne Russ Sharp
I want to do the micro sway. But here's the thing, devices can't mirror you like this, right? There's no body language.
Amy Quinton
No, but Michelle suggests humans might instead be changing their voice to be more monotone, more clear, to reflect what they're hearing from voice AI or Siri.
Michelle Cohn
So we could think about it as kind of like another alignment, like they're aligning more towards what they think that voice sounds like maybe to be better understood. But the cluster of adaptations really reflect this expectation that it's not going to understand you, even if the actual interaction that day or in the lab is exactly the same for the human.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah, I pretty much assume it's never going to understand me on the first try. And I articulate pretty well, I, I might even hyperarticulate but anyway, moving on, you did mention that the researchers did experiments with adults and kids. And so as a mom, I'm pretty curious if the kid's voice has changed as well.
Amy Quinton
Yeah, so these were school aged kids, aged seven to 12, in one of the experiments. See if you can tell a difference with this exchange. The first one is between a child and a human.
Human
What's number three?
Human
The word is side.
Human
I heard side. Say the sentence one more time.
Human
The word is side. Okay.
Amy Quinton
Now see if you can hear the difference between a child and a device.
Device
What's number three?
Human
The word is kid.
Device
I misunderstood that. I heard kit or kid. Repeat the sentence one more time.
Human
The word is kid.
Device
Got it.
Amy Quinton
Could you tell the difference?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah, On the word kid. You can hear the D is over emphasized.
Amy Quinton
Yeah, I could also tell that she was slowing down her voice a little bit.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah
Amy Quinton
I think it's very slight but Michelle and Georgia say it's a significant difference.
Michelle Cohn
Kids actually produce even more kind of evidence that they they perceive the devices having a barrier.
Georgia Zellou
People hyperarticulate to devices and kids do it even more. Bigger. Like there's a bigger difference between humans and devices for kids than adults produce.
Michelle Cohn
It's consistent with this idea that they they're building these mental models and they're also learning how to adapt their speech in different communicative situations. Kind of getting back at what is it revealing about us as humans?
Marianne Russ Sharp
We've talked about how we speak to these devices but what about the way they talk to us? Obviously, these machine made voices have changed over time becoming more human-like.
Amy Quinton
Right, the technology has come a long way. Listen to one of the original Apple TTS voices.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Wait. What's TTS?
Amy Quinton
Text to speech. Computer speak. His name is Bruce.
Marianne Russ Sharp
His? They have names?
Amy Quinton
Yeah. Say something Bruce.
BR新澳门六合彩内幕信息E
She had your dark suit and greasy wash water all year.
Marianne Russ Sharp
I got the first part, but I'm not sure I understood the end of that one.
Amy Quinton
It definitely sounds more like a machine. Now. Let's play the current Siri voice.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Oh, I can do that. Hang on. Okay. Hey, Siri.
SIRI
Yes.
Marianne Russ Sharp
What's the temperature outside?
SIRI
It's about 93 degrees outside.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Thank you.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Watch this. Hey, Siri, what is the weather?
SIRI
It's currently clear in 92 degrees.
SIRI
That was an Australian accent, wasn't it?
Amy Quinton
Yeah.
SIRI
Hi. I'm Siri. Choose the voice you'd like me to use.
SIRI
Hi, I'm Siri. Choose the voice you'd like me to use.
SIRI
I'm Siri. Choose the voice you'd like me to use.
Amy Quinton
Okay,so American, Australian, British, Indian, Irish, South African.
Marianne Russ Sharp
I kind of liked them all.
Amy Quinton
You know, there are lots of different voices and styles you can choose from as your default. Michelle and Georgia are studying how we perceive these different types of voices. Their work can also help inform engineers as they develop speech technology. The original Siri and Amazon Alexa voice was a type of speech called concatenative.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Concatenative. What's that mean?
Amy Quinton
Basically, a voiceover artist will come into a studio and record a bunch of sentences and phrases, or common words so that computer engineers can piece together every combination of sounds to say any word. Even if the voiceover artist never originally recorded that word. For example, the original Siri voiceover artist was a woman named Susan Bennett. And she sounded like this.
SIRI
Hi, I'm Siri. I'm a digital assistant on Apple products. I will show sentences on the screen. Please read them aloud to me. They will always be...
Amy Quinton
Michelle says one thing is very clear about that voice.
Michelle Cohn
It sounds discernibly choppy. It looks choppy. If you look at the representation of the speech in a waveform or spectrogram, you can see there's like...it came from different places.
Amy Quinton
The newer method of voice AI is called neural text to speech.
Michelle Cohn
That's using machine learning to just intuit all of the patterns of a speaker's voice, all the ways that they pause and kind of abstract from that, and then apply that to to the speech. So it's conditioned on all of the speaker's prior utterances but also the immediately preceding context.
Amy Quinton
With neural text to speech, you get pauses and breath sounds.
Marianne Russ Sharp
So it sounds much more human.
Amy Quinton
Yeah. Listen, this voice is named Joanna. Her first sentence is neural TTS or text to speech.
JOANNA
The boy might consider the trap.
Amy Quinton
The second Joanna is concatenative.
JOANNA
The boy might consider the trap.
Marianne Russ Sharp
That's subtle. I mean, if you played him for me a few times, I think I could discern between the two but there it's a subtle difference.
Amy Quinton
Should I play it again?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah.
Amy Quinton
Okay. So the first one is neural TTS.
JOANNA
The boy might consider the trap.
Amy Quinton
The second Joanna is concatenative.
JOANNA
The boy might consider the trap.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay, I can hear it. I close my eyes this time. And you can hear the first one flows, right just flows more nicely. Wow.
Amy Quinton
But Michelle in Georgia also found that the more human-like a device sounds can impact how well a listener understands it.
Marianne Russ Sharp
So if it sounds more human, we're more likely to understand it?
Amy Quinton
Well you'd think so, but actually the exact opposite. They found that the choppier and more concatenative a device sounds, the better it's understood, the better it's heard, especially if there's any noise in the background. Georgia says this has some implications for tech companies.
Georgia Zellou
They want the most naturalistic speech. But what we've found in our lab is a sort of trade off between it sounding really naturalistic with that cutting edge method of TTS generation and actually being clear. So the actual old method actually produces more intelligible speech, the way that we've measured it, even though the newer way does produce that really smooth, natural speech.
Amy Quinton
I think the bottom line is clear speech, even from a computer, is heard better than casual, natural human-like speech.
Marianne Russ Sharp
I guess that makes sense. I certainly can't understand everyone that I talked to. Some people talk really softly some people's mumble. Yeah, I'm not a soft talker. That's really not either of us, though. But tech companies making these devices are generating these different styles of voices. Is that using this neural text to speech?
Amy Quinton
Yeah, and there is a new neural text to speech voice called newscaster.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay. Does it sound like us?
Amy Quinton
Yeah, Here's Joanna again using neural TTS. I'm going to I'm going to show you the difference between neural TTS and newscaster so here's just neural TTS.
JOANNA
Bill wouldn't discuss the dive.
Amy Quinton
And then here's a newscaster one
JOANNA
Bill wouldn't discuss the dive.
Amy Quinton
Bill wouldn't discuss the dive Marianne.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Oh, it's so like stereotypical. I almost want to break into, Bill wouldn't discuss the dive. Live at Five. Anyway.
Amy Quinton
Tech companies creating voice AI are really pushing the boundary between what sounds like a device and what sounds like a human. Michelle and Georgia played a game with me to really illustrate this Marianne and I'm calling it "Bot or Not" Ready?
Marianne Russ Sharp
I love it.
Georgia Zellou
We're gonna play a voice and you say is it a bot or is it not a bot? Like is it a human?
Michelle Cohn
Is it a text to speech like a generated device voice or was it recorded?
VOICE
We saw a flock of wild geese.
Amy Quinton
That sounds generated.
Michelle Cohn
Mm hmm. That was Kimberly.
Georgia Zellou
The Alexa Voice Yeah, one of the Alexa voices.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay, wait, play it again.
VOICE
We saw a flock of wild geese.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay. Yeah, that one is pretty clear.
Amy Quinton
Yeah, but for me anyway, it got tougher.
VOICE
The farmer harvested his crop.
Amy Quinton
Oh, that's harder to tell. Play it again.
VOICE
The farmer harvested his crop.
Michelle Cohn
No.
Amy Quinton
I think that's human. No?
Michelle Cohn
That's an Alexa voice.
Amy Quinton
Because it was breathy.
Georgia Zellou
Yeah. Yeah. The voice quality takes on exactly yeah.
Amy Quinton
So I saved a couple of voices for you to guess whether it's a bot or not Marianne.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay, good. And I want everyone to know, this is the first time I'm hearing these voices. So if I'm honest, I'm a little nervous.
Amy Quinton
You'll get it right. Okay, so here's the first one.
VOICE
She made the bed with clean sheets.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Bot.
Amy Quinton
Exactly.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yes.
Amy Quinton
Okay, how about this one.
VOICE
Ruth hopes he heard about the hips.
Marianne Russ Sharp
That is not a bot. Is it?
Amy Quinton
It's not a bot.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Oh good. I could feel like there was a human quality to it. Right.
Amy Quinton
Okay. Okay, so this one's really different. It's a different one. And it's a bit harder. Ready?
VOICE
The cat found the bag.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay, can I hear it again?
VOICE
The cat found the bag.
Marianne Russ Sharp
One more time.
VOICE
The cat found the bag.
Marianne Russ Sharp
It could go either way. I'm gonna say bot.
Amy Quinton
You're gonna say bot?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yeah, even though I think it is so close. But I just there's like a gut instinct in me that saying it's a bot.
Amy Quinton
It is a bot.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Yes.
Amy Quinton
I guessed that one totally wrong.
Marianne Russ Sharp
It just had like that there was a quality to it. You know what I mean?
Amy Quinton
Well, you know, researchers have found that adults, older adults, like us have a more difficult time telling the difference between voice AI and human voices compared with children.
Marianne Russ Sharp
That makes sense. Because actually, if I wasn't sitting here with my eyes closed, listening to that really carefully, I'm sure I couldn't have told the difference. In you know, thinking about kids make because they have grown up with all different kinds of voice technology. They didn't grow up with just the Speak and Spell. Right?
Amy Quinton
Exactly. So Georgia wonders, what happens when voice AI becomes even more human-like? Like the computer Hal in 2001 A Space Odyssey.
Georgia Zellou
You know, our worst fear is that a computer or a machine is kind of too smart for us and sort of takes over.
Movie Clip
This mission is too important for me to allow you to jeopardize it. I don't know what you're talking about Hal?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Oh, yeah, that gives me that creepy feeling.
Amy Quinton
Yeah, Georgia says there's actually a technical term for it.
Georgia Zellou
When a nonhuman entity is kind of too human, we kind of get creeped out by it. Right. It's called this Uncanny Valley effect. And these voices are now getting more and more naturalistic. So we're kind of curious. What does that mean, for as we're talking to a device? We know it's a device, but it sounds just like a human? Would that create that sort of Uncanny Valley effect or not? And yeah, this is one of one of the lines of research that we're interested in.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay, so I kind of created a faux Uncanny Valley effect in college.
Amy Quinton
What?
Marianne Russ Sharp
Okay, this is really weird. When I went to college, this is dating myself, you used to have to register for classes on the phone. And the voice in the phone system really sounded similar to my voice, I thought. And I guess now with everything I've learned in this podcast, I'm not sure if it was based on a human voice, or if it was computer generated. And so I would go around and imitate, sort of creep my friends out. It was like um, "Welcome to MU cares. Miami University's call and register easily system. Please wait." So did that sound kind of bot-like?
Amy Quinton
It did.
Marianne Russ Sharp
It was very stilted. And you know, was a tree that you had to press one for, you know, this and that. So maybe it was a real voice that was recorded, and then like they inserted the words that they needed to? I don't know, Amy.
Amy Quinton
That is kind of freaky. Well researchers are also curious to know what happens when and if voice AI could start to mirror us and adapt or change the way it speaks based on who it's speaking to.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Is that technically possible?
Amy Quinton
No idea. But think about it. Georgia calls it style shifting. For instance, I don't speak to a child the same way I speak to an adult, I'll change my word choice and maybe the tone of my voice. So why can't Alexa?
Marianne Russ Sharp
You make a great point, maybe that's the next big step to recognize that it's a child's voice. But on a more serious note, I can't help thinking about the implications of voice AI can say impersonate people.
Amy Quinton
Michelle mentioned that it's something to take into account.
Michelle Cohn
Text to speech is getting better all the time. So it's, it's hard to know where the boundary is. You can type whatever you want, and these voices can produce it. So there's a real potential for harm too.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Definitely something to grapple with. And it's also easy to imagine the possibilities. What if it could learn to recognize say tension in a voice and then play some calming music?
Amy Quinton
Something to look forward to in the future, I guess, or maybe something to be afraid of? I'm not really sure AI is moving very fast.
ALEXA
I think that the future of AI is going to be very interesting. I think that we will see a lot of new technologies that will be able to help us in the future.
Amy Quinton
Can you give me an example?
ALEXA
Sure. Another exciting development is the rise of AI powered virtual assistants such as Alexa or Google Assistant.
Amy Quinton
It's so weird. She would say that.
Marianne Russ Sharp
Actually what's really weird is that she mentioned Google Assistant. What she should really have mentioned. Let's be honest, is Unfold. And the fact that you can hear all of our previous episodes at our website ucdavis.edu/unfold.
ALEXA
Getting Unfold from Amazon music.
Marianne Russ Sharp
You can learn more about Georgia Zellou and Michelle Cohn's research at our website as well. I'm Marianne Russ Sharp.
Amy Quinton
And I'm Amy Quinton, thanks so much for listening. Unfold is a production of 新澳门六合彩内幕信息 Davis. Original Music for Unfold comes from Damien Verrett and Curtis Jerome Haynes.
ALEXA
Getting Unfold from Amazon Music.